Introduction: Nonhealing ulcers are those that have not proceeded through timely and orderly reparation to produce anatomic and functional integrity. Povidone iodine is widely used ointment among physician and surgeons globally for wound dressings. In texts of Unani medicine literature, Marham‑e‑raal has been described as a potent ointment for gaining timely healing of wounds. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of povidone iodine and Marham‑e‑raal in nonhealing ulcers/chronic wounds. Methods: A randomized controlled study was carried out in the Department of Jarahat (Surgery) in National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bengaluru. A total of 45 subjects were included and randomized into Marham‑e‑raal and betadine dressing groups based on inclusion criteria. Dressing was done on daily basis and subjects were assessed on every 15 day from baseline to day 45 for primary outcomes (appearance of healthy granulation, epithelialization, and reduction in wound surface area) and secondary outcomes (decreases in tenderness score and depth of wound). Results: Nineteen out of 27 subjects in Marham‑e‑raal dressing group achieved complete healing as compared to one in povidone‑iodine dressing group. There was significant reduction in wound surface area, median tenderness score and depth of wounds among subjects in Marham‑e‑raal dressing group at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusion: Marham‑e‑raal is an effective wound dressing and healing agent as compared to povidone‑iodine ointment.

Background: Human blood is precious and its availability and requirement are important elements of a comprehensive health‑care delivery. Healthy voluntary donors are key sources to maintain the supply of human blood, and due care is warranted to ensure that the right blood reaches the right patient. Blood donor screening is standard practice, and the knowledge of ABO and Rh phenotype study is important. Prevalence and pattern of Rh phenotypes in a particular area may be important for various functioning of any blood bank. Materials and Method: Various centers frequently showcase prevalence pattern of Rh phenotype at a specified centre or region. A similar study was undertaken from collected data of voluntary blood donors in our tertiary care center. Results: Out of 2000 donor samples, B, A, O, and AB were in the decreasing order of frequency with 33.3%, 29.6%, 25.7%, and 11.4%, respectively. The most common Rh antigens observed were e (97.1%), followed by D (93.8%), C (88.45%), c (51.05%), and E (18.45%). Out of eight phenotypes in D‑positive donors, R1R1 (DCCee), R1r (DCcee), and R1R2 (DCcEe) were most frequently observed. In D-negative donors, rr (ddccee), r’r (ddCcee), and r’r’ (CCddee) were the most common. Conclusion: The Rh phenotype pattern in our centre had diverse pattern and knowledge of this would guide further studies.

Age-related peripheral vestibular dysfunction is usually associated with an imbalance that has a major impact on morbidity, mortality, and health-care resources. Age-related vestibular hypofunction has been shown to correlate with the age-related reduction in the number of vestibular hair cells and neurons. Progressive disequilibrium of aging is a complex and multifactorial condition leading to dizziness and a higher chance of risk of falls. The stability of the posture and gaze during standing and walking is maintained by the processing of vestibular, visual, and somatosensory inputs in the central nervous systems, followed by outputs to the musculoskeletal and visual systems. Every component in this stem deteriorates as the age increases or in the aging process. Vestibular rehabilitation is an effective treatment option for both unilateral and bilateral vestibular dysfunction in the elderly age group. There are different prosthetic devices developed to enhance the postural balance in the older person. Although there is no definitive medical treatment available for age‑related peripheral vestibular dysfunction, new medical treatments such as mitochondrial antioxidants or caloric restriction which have been useful for preventing age-related hearing impairment should be investigated in the future for treating age-related peripheral vestibular dysfunction.

The health science research is an important aspect in the evolution of medical field and hundreds of articles are published in peer-reviewed journals annually. The number of submission is monstrous and the acceptance rate in top journals is low. The journals also need to place a stringent peer-reviewed process so that good research is disseminated to the medical fraternity and public at large. The medical publication field also undergoes changes according to the prevalent fervor of the research milieu and a working knowledge of important changes is essential to keep abreast of things in vogue. The communication of research findings is instrumental for wider readership and citations. The need to “stand out” and be heard is always desirable for any author and use of available avenues or resources helps in the process. A working knowledge of the current trends in the research communication field that is becoming the norm should be of interest to both a novice and an active enthusiast alike. A few notable ones are described below.

Introduction: Prescribing errors account for almost 50% of medication errors and represent the eighth leading cause of death in the US. The current study aimed to evaluate inpatient prescribing practice by assessing adherence to prescription-writing guidelines and identifying the frequency and severity of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and drug-disease interactions (DDSIs). Methods: An observational-descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among inpatient wards in Ibrahim Malik teaching hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. Total coverage sampling was performed and the sample size consisted of 132 prescriptions containing a total of 700 prescribed drugs. The data were collected from patients’ files, and the completeness of prescriptions was assessed according to national and international guidelines. Drug interactions were checked by the interaction checker of www.drug.com. Results: The overall prescription completeness was 0%, and the completeness of both prescriber data and medication data were 1.5%, (0.4% for Intravenous [IV] and 0.6% for non‑IV drugs), respectively. The most missing elements of the prescription were duration and qualification. Moreover, only 25% of the prescribed drugs were written in the Prescription and Medication Administration Record or drug chart, but the rest were written elsewhere within the patient’s file. The prescriptions containing DDIs and DDSIs were 49.2% and 46.2%, respectively, ranging from major (9.1%), moderate, (40.9%), and minor (28%) for DDIs, major (30.3%), moderate (33.3%), and minor (0.8%) for DDSIs. The highest percentage of drug interactions was found in the internal medicine ward. Diabetes was significantly associated with both DDIs (P = 0.003) and DDSIs (P = 0.031). Conclusion: The findings of this study reflect a real problem in prescribing practice, as no prescription was considered to be complete, and nearly half of the patients were exposed to DDIs and/or DDSIs.

Virtual teaching mode gets accelerated during the COVID 19 pandemic. Medical educators are looking at virtual classroom teaching rather than classroom teaching owing to the strict restrictions. The pandemic has gifted challenges and glitches given redefining the medical education training to the medical fraternity.

Aims: This study aims to study the clinical profile of patients with acute pyelonephritis(APN), yield of urine culture in APN; common causative agents and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern and to study the outcome of patients with APN in terms of mortality, duration of hospital stay, need of intensive care unit (ICU) care and necessitation of urological intervention. Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective observational study of patients who were admitted to the Postgraduate Department of General Medicine, Shri Maharaja Hari‑Singh Hospital, an associated hospital of Government Medical College Srinagar as clinically suspected cases of APN and then proven radiologically. The study was conducted over a period of 2 years from August 2018 to August 2020 and a total of 200 patients fulfilling the selection criteria were included in the study. Results: Classical triad of fever, dysuria, and flank pain was seen in 55% of our patients with fever as the predominant symptom seen in 92% of patients. In our study, 70% were diabetic, 11% had nephrolithiasis, 8% of patients had obstructive uropathy, 7% were immunosuppressed, 3% had indwelling catheters while as 9% were documented cases of chronic kidney disease. Out of all positive urine cultures, 60% were Escherichia coli, 16.6 were Enterococcus, 13.3% were klebsiella, and 10% were Pseudomonas. Conclusion: Fever is predominant symptom in APN 23. Diabetes is the most common underlying predisposing condition. Yield of urine culture is very low with E. coli is the predominant organism. USG has less sensitivity for diagnosing APN than CT. The outcome of patients in terms of duration of hospital stay and need of ICU care is poor in diabetic patients. In our study, USG underestimated the cases of APN; detected only 132 out of 184 cases of computed tomography‑proven nonemphysematous pyelonephritis and only 8 out of 16 patients of emphysematous pyelonephritis with an overall sensitivity of 70%. In our study, 3% of patients needed ICU care while 46% and 4% develop acute kidney injury and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes, respectively. Eleven percent of patients required urological intervention. Unfortunately, 2 out of 200 patients died during disease in the hospital

Introduction: Tubal and peritoneal pathologies are one of the most common causes responsible for female infertility corresponding to 30%–40% of cases. The use of combined hysteroscopy and laparoscopy (HL) has now become a gold standard in the diagnosis and subsequent treatment of these pathologies. Aim of the Study: (1) Evaluation of infertile females for tubal and uterine pathologies using combined HL as a diagnostic aid. (2) To find out the feasibility of providing therapeutic management concurrently. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from 2018 to 2019 on 100 married females in the age group of 20–45 years with primary or secondary infertility of > 1‑year duration after ruling out male causes and hormonal causes of infertility. Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy were performed in a single session; methylene blue dye testing was done. Any relevant positive findings on hysterolaparoscopy were noted, and the incidence of different lesions was calculated. Surgical procedures wherever possible were carried out and tabulated accordingly. Results: Out of all patients subjected to combined HL, positive findings were noted in 76% of the cases. The most common hysteroscopic pathology in our patients was intrauterine adhesions (9.2%), followed by polyp (7.9%) and septum (6.6%). Similarly, on laparoscopy, the common findings were adhesions (23.7%), endometriosis (21.1%), myomas (17.1%), and hydrosalpinx (13.2%). Unilateral tubal block was seen in 15.8% and bilateral tubal block in 13.2% of the patients. Hysteroscopic procedures were done in 40.8% of the patients and laparoscopic procedures in 60.5% of the patients. Conclusion: From our study, we concluded that
combined HL serves as an important diagnostic as well as a therapeutic modality in female infertility. Direct visualization of the uterine cavity and the ability to manipulate uterus and adnexa and perform any procedure required l(cannulation, septal resection, adhesiolysis etc.) all in a single session makes combined HL a far more superior tool for evaluation and treatment of infertility.

The nasolabial cyst is a soft-tissue cyst, nonodontogenic in origin that occurs in the sublabial area and anterior maxillary region. The nasolabial cyst is a rare lesion found behind the ala nasi, extending backward into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity and forward into the labio-gingival sulcus. The patient with nasolabial cyst often presents with painless swelling and sometimes nasal obstruction. The diagnosis of nasolabial cyst is usually diagnosed in an early stage due to cosmetic facial deformity. The final diagnosis of the nasolabial cyst needs a correlation of the clinical presentations, surgical findings, and histopathological information. There are several treatment options described for the treatment of nasolabial cysts. The current treatment of choice for nasolabial cyst is complete excision through sublabial approach. The postoperative complications may include facial/perinasal swelling, facial numbness, and toothache. The postoperative chance of recurrence is rare. The objective of this review article is to familiarize the readers with this uncommon clinical entity such as nasolabial cyst with its prevalence, etiopathology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.

The supracondylar process is an uncommon anomaly that presents as a beak-like bony projection from the anteromedial aspect of the humerus. Many of these occurrences are reported as sporadic case reports or small series. While the true incidence cannot be assessed as very few of these have clinical problems like neurovascular compression (brachial artery or median nerve entrapment) due to ligament of Struther’s attached to it. Incidentally, these lesions can be noted in clinical settings while treating some other conditions. We describe a series of four cases that were incidentally seen in our center when radiographs were done for various reasons.