Copper (Cu) is a vital micronutrient in all living organisms. It is essential for the proper functioning of the different enzymes like ceruloplasmin, dopamine β, superoxide dismutase, cytochrome c oxidase, lysyl oxidase, monoamine oxidase, tyrosinase, peptidylglycine α, glactose oxidate, ascorbate oxidase and monooxigenase. These enzymes play a vital role in a variety of physiological functions of hematological, nervous, cardiovascular, reproductive, antioxident and immune systems. Hypocuprosis may be due to primary or secondary copper deficiency. The main reason of copper deficiency in Pakistani livestock is most probably due to the presence of dietary Cu antagonist, e.g sulphur and in particular molybdenum. Clinical symptoms of copper deficiency include ataxia, paralysis, paresis, incoordination, head tremors, edema, twisted joints, weakness of limbs, poor quality fleece, bespectacled eyes, fractures, anemia, depigmentation of hair and skin, rough body coats, thin bellies, degeneration of myocardial muscles, ataxia, head tremors and falling disease. In Pakistan copper has been used for the treatment of different health disorders of livestock e.g nutritional hemoglobinuria, parturient hemoglobinuria, mastitis, anestus, leukoderma, chronic diarrhea.

Meat is the rich source of many essential amino acids (valine, lysine, methionine, leucine, tryptophan, isoleucine, phenylalanine and threonine), vitamins (Vitamin D, B6 and B12) and a very good source of nutrients. Meat is also a good source of iron that is very necessary for human body and helps in maintenance of health. The major issue in meat market now a days is the adulteration of meat with other cheap meat and unhealthy items. To avoid this adulteration in meat, authenticity has become necessary. There are many techniques for the detection of adulteration in meat but, the best techniques to detect meat protein in raw as well as in cooked meat are Agarose Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) and Countercurrent Immunoelectrophoresis (CCIE). Meat extracts (antigens) are prepared from horse and donkey meat samples and rising of hyper immune sera is done against these antigens in rabbits. 0ut of 20 samples, 18 samples are positive that indicate equine species have similar meat proteins. For cross reactivity, both antisera show small precipitation line with antigens (horse meat extract and donkey meat extract) and antiserum against donkey meat protein give clear results. CCIE is faster, cheaper, and sensitive technique than AGID.

Herbal plants are used widely for the treatment of stomach disorders as peptic and duodenal ulcer, dyspepsia, gastritis and other ailments. There are many causes of ulcer but 80% of the ulcer caused by H-Pylori in the GIT problems. Uses of NSAID are the main cause of GIT problems in human health. In the developed countries, mostly peoples used herbal plants regularly for the stomach problems. These herbal plants contain different photochemical constituents as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and saponins. They not only have bioactive compounds but also have antioxidants properties that strengthen the stomach health and prevent from oxidative stress and other scavenging properties. The use of herbal plants is economical and safe for these types of diseases. The herbal plants treatment has been used for stomach disorders without chances of reoccurrence.

Neem (Azadirachtaindica) is belong to family Meliaceae and it is it is rich source of antioxidant. It has been widely used in medicines of Chinese, Ayurvedic, and Unani prescriptions overall particularly in Indian Subcontinent in the treatment and counteractive action of different maladies. From various parts of neem, 140 different mixtures can be made. All parts of the neem tree-leaves, blossoms, seeds, organic products, roots and bark have been utilized customarily for the treatment of aggravation, contaminations, fever, skin ailments and dental issue. The therapeutic utilities have been portrayed particularly for neem leaf. Neem leaf and its constituents have been shown to display immunomodulatory, calming, antihyperglycaemic, antiulcer, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, cell reinforcement, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. This survey abridges the extensive variety of pharmacological uses of neem leaf.

Reveal the Relation between Self consistency and congruence and Mental Health of Postgraduates. Adopt self-consistency and congruence questionnaire, mental health questionnaire to carry out questionnaire investigation on 500 postgraduates of four Nanjing colleges and universities. Mental health of postgraduates has extremely negative notable relevance with the disharmony of oneself and experience and it has extremely negative notable relevance with self-flexibility. The degree of self consistency and congruence and self-flexibility of postgraduates with better psychological health situation is higher than that of postgraduates with poor mental health situation. Disharmony of oneself and experience, flexibility function of oneself forecast mentality symptom dissociation amounts to a certain extent. The degree of self-consistency and congruence has a significant influence on mental health.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute or subacute viral disease of goats and sheep characterized by fever, necrotic stomatitis, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, and sometimes death. The virus also affects several wild small ruminant species. Cattle, buffalo, and pigs are only sub clinically infected. People are not at risk. The disease is of heavy economic significance in small ruminant industry and ranks among the top ten diseases affecting small ruminants. Isolation and quarantine measures, slaughtering of positive animals, proper disposal of infected materials, proper disinfection of utensils and other items of flock are crucial for control of PPR. PPR leads to heavy economic setbacks to the farmers. With the aims and objectives to flourish small ruminant farming and maximizing profit, a few key points should be rigorously adopted.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Pakistan and cause severe economic losses. Serotype O, A and Asia 1 is prevalent and their rapid detection for Pakistaniisolates is needed to determine the serotype prevalence in different areas of the country. One step reversetranscriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT- LAMP) was compared for the rapid and sensitive detection of FMDV genome. FMDV genome was confirmed in 19/25clinically affected animals by sequencing. These positive samples (n=19) were also confirmed in both RT-PCR and RT-LAMP consensus assay.In theserotyping assay, RT-PCR detection rate was16.67%, 80%, and 50% and RT-LAMP detection rate was 50%, 60% and 50%for serotype Asia 1, O and type A respectively. In general detection of FMDV, RT-PCR assay and the RT-LAMP assay showed high concordance (k = 1.0). However, in serotype detection, RT-LAMP was found more sensitive as compared to RT-PCR for the detection of the FMDV serotype Asia1 and Vice Versa in the detection of serotype O. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is thefirst document on thecomparison of RT-LAMP and one-step RT- PCR for FMDV using ESE-Quant Tube Scanner in Pakistan.The RT-LAMP assay has the potential for early and rapid clinical diagnosis, surveillance and serotyping of FMDV infection in endemic countries.

Hypertension is a lasting therapeutic complaint which can be kept in control by changing one’s dietary and lifestyle habits. Present study is based on identification of risk of acute pancreatitis which may occur with different doses of atenolol in Pakistani population. About 50% of our study population was administered with β-blockers. The β- blockers significantly decreased the levels of CRP (C- Reactive Protein) of test population. This observation strongly depicts high potential of beta blockers in stabilization of CRP levels and decreasing inflammatory response. In our study the patients were administered with many combinations with beta-blocker and their results showed that these combinations lower the CRP level in hypertensive patients. We conclude that antihypertensive also minimize the inflammation associated hypertension but not completely, as inflammation was reversed only in 67.5% population who were using beta-blocker. When treating hypertension, anti-inflammatory medicine treatment needs to be endorsed to successfully treat complaints and increase the communal and psychosomatic status of the patient.

Oxidation and reduction reactions occurring inside the cell must be maintained in the state of equilibrium so that the integrity of cells can be maintained and production of the animals remains at optimum. If there is imbalance between redox reaction, health of the animals gets affected in terms of onset of various reproductive disorders and diseases like mastitis. A number of antioxidants are produced naturally inside the body but under stressful endogenous and exogenous environment, their production is hampered. Thus, supplementation of animals with antioxidants like vitamin C and Vitamin E in feed or parenteral administration is essential to keep the animal healthy to get maximum possible production.

The biofilm producing ability of Staphylococcus aureus has been implicated for development of different diseases in animals and humans. The presence of biofilms makes the bacterial population resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. Biofilms are also antigenic structures of the bacterial population. Therefore, the present study was planned to evaluate the biofilm-producing ability of S. aureus and in-vitro inhibition of biofilm production using serum samples from rabbits immunized with biofilm-producing S. aureus bacterin-toxoid. A total of 64 S. aureus isolates were harvested from lactating cows and buffaloes suffering from clinical and sub-clinical mastitis. The biofilm-producing ability of S. aureus isolates was determined by tube method and micro-plate assays. The rabbits were vaccinated using strong biofilm producing S. aureus bacterin-toxoid. The ability of serum antibodies to inhibit in-vitro biofilm production was assessed by performing a biofilm inhibition assay. The results showed that 71.87% and 56.25% of the isolates were positive for biofilm production in tube method and micro-plate assays, respectively. T he serum samples collected at days 30, 45 and 60 post-immunization completely inhibited the biofilm production by S. aureus. Our results suggested that both micro-plate assay and tube method can be used for determination of biofilm production, however micro-plate assay is quantitative, more accurate and reliable. The study also concluded that the antibodies produced against biofilm producing S. aureusbacterin-toxoid seems helpful to avert the attachment of bacteria, which may further implicate the better control of chronic infections.