Background: Sharp foreign bodies (FBs) are rarely found in the laryngotracheobronchial (LTB) tree which may cause threatening to the life. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate or study the clinical details of the inhaled sharp FBs and its management in children. Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study done in between April 2015 and May 2020. There were 22 children with inhaled sharp FB in the airway enrolled in this study. The diagnosis was done from proper history taking, clinical examination, and the X-ray of the neck, chest, and abdomen of the children. All of them underwent rigid bronchoscopy with grasping forceps for the removal of these sharp FBs. Results: Out of the 22 children, 13 were boys (59.09%) and 9 were girls (40.90%). Out of 22 cases, 4 FBs were found in the proximal part of the airway and 18 were seen in distal airways. The most common clinical presentation was chocking sensation with cough. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and prompt rigid bronchoscopy are required for preventing inhalation of the sharp FB in the LTB. Proper education to the caregivers or parents is very helpful to prevent this critical clinical entity.

The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to rise in terms of its geographical distribution, the number of people infectedand the number of people losing their lives due to the resulting complications. Contact tracing is an effective strategy to identify, assess and manage people with a positive history of exposure to a confirmed case, so that we succeed in interrupting the transmission chain and further transmission of infection. It is essential to follow-up the contacts for a period of 2 weeks from the last date of exposure, but the successful implementation of this strategy will depend upon the support of the general population, planning of the entire process after considering the local contexts, trained and adequate number of workforce, logistics, and a supportive mechanism to collect, compile and analyze the data in real-time. In conclusion, the component of contact tracing is a crucial link in interrupting the chain of transmission of the COVID-19. It is the responsibility of the public health authorities and members of the community to work in close collaboration to identify the contacts at the earliest and quarantine them with an aim to prevent onward transmission.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has made all the national leaders and the international organizations realize that the health sector progress in containment of infectious disease is still not enough. Being an infectious disease, which is highly contagious and is transmitted through close contact or droplets, the importance of infection prevention measures like frequent hand washing, cough etiquettes, etc., is indispensable. Amidst the background of COVID-19 infection, it is a must that the governments should ensure provision of universal access to hand hygiene stations, which can be used compulsorily by the people. In conclusion, in the global fight against COVID-19 pandemic, maintenance of hand hygiene has been regarded as the most effective approach to reduce the onward transmission of the infection. Thus, it is the responsibility of the public health authorities to create an adequate number of opportunities for the general community and the health care professionals to practice hand hygiene.

The Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to remain a public health emergency of international concern. In the Western Pacific region, the estimates pertaining to the caseload and death rates have shown a big improvement, as the region accounts for 1.8% and 1.3% of the global caseload and deaths worldwide. The available estimates clearly suggest that now the epicenter of the disease has shifted to the European and the American region. However, it will be a wrong assumption to presume that the epidemic is over in the Western Pacific region, and thus it will be a premature decision to be complacent about the outbreak readiness and emergency response action plan. In conclusion, the decline in the number of COVID-19 cases in the Western Pacific region is not a time to relax, as any lacunae on our part will result in a resurgence of the disease. The right approach will be to continue the fight against the disease with the support of individuals, families, societies and the health sector and thus prepare ourselves for a large-scale community transmission

Primary malignant melanoma is rarely seen in the oral cavity, especially in the tongue. However, the base of the tongue is an extremely rare location for primary malignant melanoma. A 68‑year‑old male attended the otorhinolaryngology clinic with complaint of foreign‑body sensation in the throat for 1 year. Intraoral examination showed a painless and black-colored mass on the right side of the base of the tongue. Histopathology report showed the diagnosis of a malignant melanoma. He underwent composite resection of the tumor and right-sided functional neck dissection. Early diagnosis should be made by proper examination of the oral cavity and oropharynx and early biopsy of the pigmented and nonpigmented mass. Early detection and treatment is required for better prognosis of the malignant melanoma at the base of tongue.

Introduction: Pharmacist’s knowledge about the different aspects of this pandemic is crucial because it influence their role and contribution as a frontline health-care provider, as pharmacies and most of the pharmacy practice sectors are kept open even during lockdowns providing counseling and patient care. Pharmacist can provide valuable services during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic, these services may include: Provide reliable information on the disease, participate in public education on preventive measures, referring of suspected cases, insuring continuous supply of medicine. Methods: A web-based, cross sectional study, conducted using the survey instrument to obtain the responses from Sudanese pharmacists during the period from May 26, 2020, to June 3, 2020. A 14‑item survey instrument was developed. The web-based cross-sectional study was carried out among the Sudanese pharmacists. A self-reported structured questionnaire was divided into three sections: Demographic characteristics, questions assessing the knowledge, and one question for the pharmacist contribution during the pandemic. Results: The present study showed that 51.1% of pharmacists have good knowledge about the COVID‑19. The work experience and education level significantly (P < 0.05) influence pharmacist knowledge. Majority of pharmacists contribute to different activities during the pandemic, for example, providing patients with transmission information (94%), provide factual and reliable information on the diseases symptoms (93.1%), providing patients with prevention information (91.1%). Conclusion: The present study identified that pharmacists have good knowledge about COVID‑19 pandemic. Furthermore, pharmacists contributed in many activities as a frontline health‑care provider during this pandemic.

Skin infections due to dermatophytes are distributed worldwide and there is no population can be cleared from infection with
dermatophytosis. Dermatophytes have the ability to cause a cutaneous skin disease called dermatophytosis. This disease considers a common fungal infection in different parts of the human body, which are enrichment with keratin, especial hair, skin, and nail. Dermatophyte revolutions appeared strongly as significant rising trend of this infection, especially in the last years, with emerging of antimicrobial resistance like most other pathogens.

The possible association between pornography use (PU) and adverse sexual health outcomes among men is an important issue that has been conceptualized, discussed, and substantiated with anecdotal “evidence” for decades. Only recently have researchers begun to conduct empirical studies aimed at assessing claims that frequent PU may result in sexual dysfunctions and other difficulties. Frequent PU may possibly affect men self‑esteem, state of relationship, and sexual fulfillment with the opposite sex. Men who constantly use pornographic materials reported lesser sexual satisfaction with their spouse, despite their partners’ fondness, bodily appearance, sexual curiosity, and performance. Problematic PU is habitually comorbid with masturbation addiction, men who masturbates while watching pornography might have an increased risk of sexual dysfunction.

The ongoing Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has already been given a Pandemic status and also continues to be a public health emergency of international concern. The epidemiological analysis and the trends of mortality clearly suggests that even though, the disease is quite common in all age-groups, the disease has manifested in severe forms among elderly and those people who are having pre-existing medical illnesses. It is the need of the hour to ensure that both these high-risk groups are offered additional attention, without subjecting them to isolation or stigmatization, which decreases their overall probability of access to health care services. Further, it is extremely important to strengthen the risk communication mechanism and take appropriate steps for the relay of timely and trustworthy measures to the entire community, with special attention to the two high-risk groups. In conclusion, as the COVID-19 continues to increase in magnitude and geographical distribution, it is our responsibility to take appropriate steps to improve the wellbeing of community, with an additional support to the high-risk population groups.

Background: Renal anemia is a cause of significant morbidity, and to lesser extent mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the leading causes of anemia in CKD primarily are the lack of erythropoietin (EPO) and iron. Thus, effective management is possible using oral and intravenous (IV) iron preparation and genetically engineered erythropoiesis-stimulating agents such as EPO. This study aimed to assess the effect of EPO in the treatment of anemia among hemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective hospital-based study was conducted in Elshaheeda Salma Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. All patients who were anemic or had a history of anemia and undergoing HD during the period (January to June 2018) were recruited. Data were collected using a checklist and analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Results: A total of 191 anemic patients were included: 60% of them were males, and more than half of the participants were aged between 41 and 65 years. Clinically, the average duration of the dialysis among participants was 7.7 ± 5 years, and 97% of them had two dialysis sessions per week. Patients were used either IV or subcutaneous injection of EPO. 8000 IU/week were the most prescribed (52.2%) EPO dose. Whereas, only 6% and 18% were taking 100 mg IV and 150 mg oral ferrous sulfate, respectively. Furthermore, 70% of them were taking 5 mg folic acid. Moreover, the mean hemoglobin level among the participants at the end of the study was 10 ± 2.1 g/dl. Conclusion: EPO was effective in treating renal anemia in HD patients. Among the studied patients, 8000 IU/week was the most frequently used dose. The present study highlights significant low adherence to international guidelines in the management of anemia in patients on HD.