The widespread therapeutic use of azole-based pharmaceutical drugs has given rise to multiple interests, and their research and development has become a very fast creation of a successful spotlight of infinite space. Itraconazole (ITZ) and posaconazole (POS) belong to triazole that have a broad￾spectrum antifungal agent. They commonly used to prevent and treat several fungal infections that cause superfiial, subcutaneous, and systemic infections.[3] These drugs have few side effects compared with other drugs. Since antifungal drugs are commonly used in patients who are to some extent immunocompromised, it is important to assess the potential effects of these therapies on the immune system. It has been proposed that the efficacy of some antifungal agents may be related to their capacity to induce cytokine production. This also confirmed that some antifungal drugs increase chemokine levels in the supernatants of human mononuclear cell cultures such as CCL3 and CCL4.

Tamoxifen is a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), structurally derived from diethylstilbestrol￾like estrogens and anti-estrogens. It has been used to treat breast cancer that spread to other parts of the human body; it is also utilized to decreasing the chances of breast cancer developing in high-risk patients. Besides tamoxifen utilization as chemotherapy, tamoxifen, and its derivatives against viral infection have been evaluated, some searches studied the efficacy of it to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and Ebola Virus. Some side effects associated with tamoxifen (TAM) as the most common drugs

The process of teaching learning in medical education is a complex task considering the fact that teachers have to not only impart knowledge but also train the medical students in clinical skills, decision-making, clinical reasoning, etc. A wide range of teaching-learning methods have been employed to deliver theory, practical, and clinical skills. Grand rounds play an important role in keeping the health professionals abreast about the recent developments. In fact, sharing time with the attending doctor can be regarded as one of the best ways to achieve on-the-job training and learning. The emergence of coronavirus disease‑2019 pandemic has changed all the dynamics, and there is a definite scope for virtual grand rounds, which will not only continue learning but even ensure the safety of all the attendees. To conclude, grand rounds can be acknowledged as one of the essential modes of teaching-learning in the overall process of delivery of medical education. Thus, all efforts should be taken to rejuvenate the same in those settings where they are not under practice so that students can improve their knowledge and skills.

The pain over the knee region is a common complaint noted in routine practice and may require proper investigations to diagnose the etiology. Pain over the proximal fibular area is uncommon more so with no history of injury or overuse. Benign neoplastic lesion of fibula head is rarely encountered on radiographs, and further investigations are directed to exclude the differentials. Excision biopsy of smaller, uncomplicated lesion is a treatment of choice that not only is curative but is important to collect biopsy specimen to confirm the diagnosis. Common peroneal nerve (CPN) in the vicinity of upper fibula poses a challenge in surgical approaches to this region and requires careful identification and handling to avoid any damage. Despite best efforts, neuropraxia of CPN may be noted in few cases. Proper preoperative documentation, counseling, and assurance are crucial to manage this complication. Proper bracing and physiotherapy is encouraged while spontaneous recovery is expected. We report a case of aneurysmal bone cyst of fibular head managed by excisional biopsy that led to the aforementioned complication and full recovery in the follow-up.

Coronavirus disease‑19 (COVID‑19) is a new pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) virus. COVID‑19 patients often present with respiratory symptoms and death is the possible outcome. The potentiality for neuro‑invasion by the SARS-CoV-2 is currently a subject of great debate. However, there is a paucity of information regarding impact of the SARS-CoV-2 on nervous system at the present moment. In fact, the impact of the coronavirus on the auditory system is little mentioned in the literature. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is rare symptom associated with COVID‑19 infection. This hearing deterioration could be attributed to the damaging effects by viral infections on the outer hair cells of the cochlea but the exact mechanism is still unknown. Awareness about this nonspecific presentation like SSNHL in COVID‑19 patients is often a challenge to a clinician for early management. Early identification of the SSNHL may be helpful for isolation of the patient and also protect their infectiousness in early period to prevent spread of the disease. Early identification of hearing impairment is also helpful for early medical treatment of SSNHL which can save the hearing. This article reviews the epidemiology, etiopathology, clinical presentations, investigations, and treatment of SSNHL in COVID‑19 patients. This review article surely makes a baseline from where further prospective studies can be designed for this rare clinical entity in COVID‑19 patients as not many studies are done.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) is an infectious illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with the extreme acute respiratory syndrome. CoVs are enveloped positive-sense RNA nucleic acid viruses characterized by a distinctive replication strategy; they are round and sometimes pleomorphic shapes. COVID‑19 is regarding the new genera of coronaviridae that appear the first time in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019.[1,2] At present, no specific drug or other therapeutics approved by the FDA, the number of cases due to the novel(COVID‑19) presents a serious public health problem worldwide, so deep understanding of immunopathogenesis, effective treatment methods, and more effective management strategies should be discovered as soon as possible to prevent or treat this new virus

Allergies to medical adhesive bandages is uncommon clinical problems despite being widely used procedures in both outpatient and inpatient settings.[1] While studies based on patch tests reveal that proven allergic contact dermatitis(ACD) is infrequent and most cases might result from irritant reaction or irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). Tape allergy is reported by 0.3% of patients in a large scale electronic record‑based study and also concluded that true tape allergy is rare. Most of these are nonallergic tape reactions.[2] Other complication of adhesive dressing or medical adhesive related skin injuries are erosion, vesicle or bullae formation, skin tears, maceration, or folliculitis.[3] Plastic-like chemicals called acrylates or propenoates are also responsible for some allergic reaction from bandage adhesive tapes.

The ongoing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has accounted for massive socioeconomic disruptions on the global scale and the number of cases and attributed deaths continue to rise. As the outbreak continues to expand in various nations, it indeed creates an opportunity for the policy makers to have a re-look on the national response to the outbreak. The proposed intra-action review can be scheduled whenever the policy makers feel that there is a need to update the existing emergency response strategies. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has made the health stakeholders and welfare agencies realize the gaps which are prevailing in the preparedness and emergency response. The conduction of periodic reviews at national or subnational level is the most appropriate approach to give an insight to the policy makers about the best interventions and those interventions which need to be re-visited for ensuring effective containment of the infection.

The ongoing Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection tends to affect all age-groups, while the development of the serious complications, including mortality has been reported among elderly people and those with pre-existing chronic illnesses. The available evidence suggests that any age group person living with any of the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) can get infected by COVID-19. Keeping the prognosis of the patients with pre-existing NCDs, it is important that the practice of smoking should be discouraged by them. In conclusion, the people living with non-communicable diseases tends to develop serious pulmonary complications secondary to the acquisition of COVID-19 infection. Thus, it is the responsibility of these people to strictly adhere to the prevention measures, while the health professionals should understand their vulnerability and provide additional care while managing them to save their lives.

Leptomeningeal cysts, also known as growing skull fractures, are rare complications of head trauma. It is usually seen a few months posttrauma. These lesions are rare in adults, with over 90% resulting from fractures occurring in children under the age of 3 years. The children usually present with enlarging scalp mass, seizures, focal neurological deficit, and headache. In this case series, we are going to present the two cases of post traumatic leptomeningeal cysts in adults, presenting as cough-induced headache along with imaging description.