Covid 19 is a coronavirus disease caused by Covid 19 virus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) formerly referred to as novel coronavirus or Wuhan coronavirus or 2019-nCoV causes a deadly respiratory infection. It is an infectious viral agent and a positive-sense (+ssRNA), single-stranded RNA virus that causes acute respiratory disease which can be mild, moderate, or severe illness including death. It is a zoonotic infection and can also be transmitted from human to human. The virus enters the cell by binding with cell that has angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor using the spike. ACE2 receptor is found on the cell membranes of cells in the lungs, arteries, heart, kidney, and intestines. The first outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China, on December 31, 2019, hence the initial name Wuhan coronavirus. Globally, it has a fatality rate of 6.7% with a fatality rate of 3.5% in Nigeria as at April 18, 2020. The infection is air borne through droplets from infected person during coughing, spiting or sneezing. It can also be contracted by touching eyes, nose, or mouth with contaminated hands. Covid 19 may elicit both inflammatory and acute phase immune responses while the mechanical innate immune defense can be overcome to cause severe pneumonia The virus enters the lung through ACE2 receptors on the cell membrane of the lung to destroy cilia resulting into the accumulation of dead tissues, cells/dirts/wastes, and fluids thereby displacing the normal air content of the lung which will eventually bring about dry cough, and difficulties in breathing. The infection can be prevented through basic protective measures which include regular washing of hands with soap and water followed by sanitizing hands with alcohol-based sanitizer, social distancing, avoidance of gathering, quarantine measure applicable to especially those from endemic areas, self-isolation for those who are positive or manifesting related signs and symptoms, use of personal protective equipment, early diagnosis, and adequate intervention. The use of soap and alcohol are effective as soap can break through the lipid layer of the virus to become smaller particles which are washed away by water while alcohol
is capable of lysing the virus. Covid 19 is diagnosed in the laboratory by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction Panel. Covid 19 may result into abnormal liver function tests due to abnormal fat retention, elevated plasma creatinine and urea which may be due to kidney damage, elevated CO₂, and decreased oxygen, level due to severe pneumonia, decreased and elevated anti and pro-inflammatory cytokines respectively which may be manifested as fever, acute phase response, decreased erythropoietin due to possible kidney damage, prolong prothrombin time/activated partial thromboplastin time and depleted platelet count which may manifest as disseminated intravascular coagulation. This work reviewed the transmission, case fatality rate, basic protective measures, laboratory diagnosis, and possible laboratory features of Covid 19.

Bone replacement in materials had been used in a wide variety of surgical approaches. The use of such bone grafts for reconstructing osseous defects is the choice of periodontist, which significantly improves the clinical outcome in regeneration procedures. It increases the bone formation and quality of vital bone. A wide range of bone grafting materials, have been applied and evaluated clinically, including autografts, allografts, xenografts, and alloplasts. It substitutes as a basic building block for the periodontal reconstruction, by providing clinical application with its biological functions. This review insight various use of bone graft materials and its characteristic features in promoting its bone formation and emphasis on recent advances in this field.

A 10-year-old male presented with a history of swelling in the left eye for the past 4 days. He was already on antibiotics, but his symptoms did not improve. Ocular examination revealed stone pieces/fragments lodged in the left eye. This case highlights a rare mimic of probable diagnosed orbital cellulitis.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to explore the effects of different exercise patterns on the body composition of female students with recessive obesity. Methods: According to the principle of knowledge and voluntariness, 136 female students who volunteered to participate in the investigation were selected as the research object. The IOI 353 analyzer was used to screen out 48 college students with invisibility obesity, which was averagely divided into the nonexercise group, the aerobic exercise group, the resistance training group, and the aerobic resistance group. The nonexercise group did not take any exercise, and the other groups performed 12 weeks of exercise. Before exercise, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks after the exercise, each body component was detected. Results: Compared with those before the intervention, the body fat percentage (BF%) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) of the aerobic exercise group, the resistance training group, and the aerobic resistance group were significantly decreased. In addition, the body mass index (BMI) of the aerobic exercise group was significantly decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). As compared to the control group, the BF% and WHR of the aerobic exercise group, the resistance training group, and the aerobic resistance group were better than that of the control group. Moreover, BMI in the aerobic exercise group was significantly better than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The exercise has obvious improvement effect on the body composition of the invisible obese female college student body, which can reduce the body fat rate and improve the morphology. The different modes of movement also have an influence on their body composition, and the exercise mode can be selected reasonably in combination with their own situation.

Background: Once the year comes to end, around late November up to February, there prevails the dry cold wind originated from the Sahara Desert in North Africa toward the West African countries called Harmattan. The Harmattan season has adverse effects on human health and comfort. There is a wide spread of airborne diseases coupled with the dryness of human skin. Small children are mostly dehydrated. Aim and Objectives: This study focused on the impacts of the Harmattan season in Keffi town, Nasarawa state, Nigeria, on human health. Materials and Methods: The use of correlation and regression analysis is employed to analyse the data. It also involved the collection of data from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency. The field survey also confined about 100 respondents. Result: The results indicate a positive correlation between the Harmattan and its impact on human health, with about 0.64. The climate and anthropogenic factors are mostly the responsible factors influencing the high prevalence of Harmattan. Conclusion: Nevertheless, there is the good side of the Harmattan season, such as the lowering of environmental temperature and some crops enjoy the cold season.

Objectives: This study aimed to study the effect of exercise intervention under energy metabolism on obesity in obese college students and to analyze the body of obese college students. Methods: Fifty-six obese college students were selected as the study subjects and randomly divided into control group and observation group. In the control group, 28 cases were treated with a routine exercise intervention, while 28 cases in the observation group were treated with exercise intervention based on the energy metabolism, and the fat degree, fat content, and muscle weight of the two groups were observed and recorded. Results: Compared with the control group, the obesity degree of the observation group was significantly lower, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the observation group, the fat content in the control group was relatively high, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). The growth rate of muscle in the observation group was obviously higher than that of the control group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The application of exercise intervention under energy metabolism to the obesity of obese college students could effectively increase the muscle weight of college students and reduce the fat content and fat degree.

Background: Ankle pain is a disabling clinical complaint with substantial negative impact on patients’ quality of life. The etiology of foot/ankle pain is multifactorial. Despite careful and detailed clinical history and accurate physical examination, reaching an accurate diagnosis is often difficult because nontraumatic ankle pain has a broad-spectrum etiology. Imaging plays a vital role in the etiology of ankle pain. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study done in collaboration between department of orthopedics and radiodiagnosis and imaging on 43 patients from August 2018 to December 2019. Plain radiography of the ankle joint with anteroposterior and lateral views was done in every patient. Further investigations were advised using the American College of Radiology Appropriateness criteria scale for chronic ankle pain. Results: The most common causes of nontraumatic ankle pain were tendinosis of Achilles 6 (13.9%) including calcific tendinitis, tenosynovitis of other tendons 4 (9.3%), and benign bone tumors 4 (9.3%). Overall imaging was able to pick probable etiology in 34 out of 43 patients. No possible cause could be found in nine cases. Conclusion: Radiological imaging, especially cross-sectional imaging, is an asset for diagnosing etiology of ankle pain. Orthopedicians should not hesitate in referring patients with ankle pain to the radiology department.

Objectives: The objective of the study was to discuss the influence of the intervention program of strength training on the hidden obese college students on the basis of aerobics movement. Methods: By means of the voluntary principle, 28 college students with invisibility obesity were selected from the test instruments, such as height and weight, and they were randomly divided into observation group and control group, each of which was 14. The control group adopted a routine training program, and the observation group adopted aerobics and strength training intervention program for 6 weeks. Moreover, the physical form, physical quality, and so on of the two groups of invisible obese college social workers were observed. Results: The body composition, skinfold thickness, strength, and flexibility of college students were significantly better than those in the control group. Compared with before training, the improvement effect is very obvious, and the difference is significant (P < 0.05). However, in the body circumference and the lung activity, the improvement was not obvious (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Aerobics combined with strength training intervention can improve the body composition of invisible obese college students, improve strength and muscle content, and can improve flexibility. Moreover, the impact is very obvious.

Organophosphate pesticides are used in agriculture to protect plants and livestock from pests so as to increase food yield. They are also used to control household and structural pests. Organophosphate pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase, preventing the break-down of acetylcholine in the nervous system which leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine in nerve endings resulting in paralysis. Information on organophosphate pesticides, mechanism of action of organophosphate chemicals, organophosphate toxicity, biological monitoring, and regulation of pesticides was obtained from other published articles, textbooks, and relevant internet sites. Studies have shown that there is a link between sensorimotor and cognitive impairments to organophosphate exposure as well as a link between affective disorders, depression, and suicide to the acute and chronic exposure to organophosphate insecticides in humans. Although being used as a pesticide and an insecticide, organophosphate chemicals pose a huge danger to health and as such, there should be general public awareness on its health risk with continuous and unguarded exposure to it.

Pterostilbene is a powerful polyphenol and has beneficial properties as an anti-aging ingredient through modulating the hallmarks of aging such as inflammation, oxidative damage, telomere attrition, and cell senescence [1], it has been known to exhibit other health beneficial effects such as antiatherosclerosis, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, antioxidant cardioprotection, cognitive support, and neuroprotection as well [2]; another well-known and pharmacological active polyphenol is resveratrol, but in various studies, pterostilbene was reported to have better bioavailability (80% bioavailability compared to 20% for resveratrol) [1]; pterostilbene has two methoxy (–OCH3) groups which makes it more lipophilic and enhances its membrane permeability, bioavailability, and biological potency [1,2]; caffeine is known for its positive effect on arousal and fatigue, perceptual processing, motor behavior, stress, learning and memory, and energy and performance in limited dose [3,4]; Laurus Labs introduces a combination of pterostilbene and caffeine as pterostilbene caffeine cocrystal (CO-CRYSTAL), a unique and patented ingredient that includes benefits of pterostilbene and caffeine both; highly caffeinated products have been coming under increased regulatory scrutiny regarding the possible risks of consuming high amount of caffeine; CO-CRYSTAL formulation of caffeine offers higher bioavailability and longer half-life and additional functional health benefits of pterostilbene that include cognitive function, antioxidant activity, and heart health; bioavailability and half-life of CO-CRYSTAL were tested in the pharmacokinetic study at Vimta Labs, a National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories accredited premier preclinical research facility in India; the objective of this study was to assess the comparative pharmacokinetic profile of pterostilbene and caffeine when administered alone as well as in a combined CO-CRYSTAL form in Sprague Dawley rats by the oral route.